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- Authority and
Voice in
Student
Ethnographic
Writing: Anthropology &
Education
Quarterly,
Vol. 21, No.
4. (1990), pp.
340-357.In
this essay I
look at issues
of authority
and voice as
they have
entered the
current
critique of
ethnographic
writing.
Arguing that
ethnographic
research
provides a way
of helping
students to
gain the
authority that
comes from
engagement in
real inquiry,
I examine the
relationship
between that
growing
authority and
the voice in
which it is
expressed.Elea
nor Kutz
Source: Anthropology & Education Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4. (1990), pp. 340-357. - Obedience to
Authority: (08 August
1983)Stanley
Milgram
Source: (08 August 1983) - Authoritative
sources in a
hyperlinked
environment: Journal of the
ACM (JACM),
Vol. 46, No.
5. (1999), pp.
604-632.The
network
structure of a
hyperlinked
environment
can be a rich
source of
information
about the
content of the
environment,
provided we
have effective
means for
understanding
it. We develop
a set of
algorithmic
tools for
extracting
information
from the link
structures of
such
environments,
and report on
experiments
that
demonstrate
their
effectiveness
in a variety
of context on
the World Wide
Web. The
central issue
we address
within our
framework is
the
distillation
of broad
search topics,
through the
discovery of
?authorative?
information
sources on
such topics.
We propose and
test an
algorithmic
formulation of
the notion of
authority,
based on the
relationship
between a set
of relevant
authoritative
pages and the
set of ?hub
pages? that
join them
together in
the link
structure. Our
formulation
has
connections to
the
eigenvectors
of certain
matrices
associated
with the link
graph; these
connections in
turn motivate
additional
heuristrics
for link-based
analysis.Jon
Kleinberg
Source: Journal of the ACM (JACM), Vol. 46, No. 5. (1999), pp. 604-632. - Literacy,
Emotion and
Authority:
Reading and
Writing on a
Polynesian
Atoll (Studies
in the Social
and Cultural
Foundations of
Language): (25 August
1995)In this
study Niko
Besnier
analyzes the
transformation
of the
Polynesian
community of
Nukulaelae
from a
nonliterate
into a
literate
society, using
a contemporary
perspective
that
emphasizes
literacy as a
social
practice
embedded in a
socio-cultural
context. His
case study,
which has
implications
for
understanding
literacy in
other
societies,
illuminates
the
relationship
between norm
and practice,
between
structure and
agency, and
between group
and
individual.Nik
o Besnier
Source: (25 August 1995) - Images of John
Hunter in the
Nineteenth
Century: History of
Science, Vol.
21 (March
1983), pp.
85-108.Not
AvailableLS
Jacyna
Source: History of Science, Vol. 21 (March 1983), pp. 85-108. - Objectivity
and the Escape
from
Perspective: Social Studies
of Science,
Vol. 22, No.
4. (1992), pp.
597-618.Scient
ific
objectivity is
neither
monolithic nor
immutable: our
current usage
is compounded
of several
meanings -
metaphysical,
methodological
and moral -
and each
meaning has a
distinct
history, as
well as a
history of
fusion within
what now
counts as a
single concept
of
'objectivity'.
The rise of
aperspectival
history in
nineteenth-cen
tury science
is one strand
of this
plaited
history of
objectivity,
as embodied in
scientific
ideals and
practices. It
is
conceptually
and
historically
distinct from
the
ontological
aspect of
objectivity
that pursues
the ultimate
structure of
reality, and
from the
mechanical
aspect of
objectivity
that forbids
interpretation
in reporting
and picturing
scientific
results.
Whereas
ontological
objectivity is
about the fit
between theory
and the world,
and mechanical
objectivity is
about
suppressing
the universal
human
propensity to
judge and
aestheticize,
aperspectival
objectivity is
about
eliminating
individual (or
occasionally
group)
idiosyncracies
. It emerged
first in the
moral and
aesthetic
philosophy of
the late
eighteenth
century and
spread to the
natural
sciences only
in the
mid-nineteenth
century, as a
result of a
reorganization
of scientific
life that
multiplied
professional
contacts at
every level,
from the
international
commission to
the
well-staffed
laboratory.Lor
raine Daston
Source: Social Studies of Science, Vol. 22, No. 4. (1992), pp. 597-618. - Science,
Nature and
Control:
Interpreting
Mechanics'
Institutes: Social Studies
of Science,
Vol. 7, No. 1.
(1977), pp.
31-74.This
paper premises
that the
movement to
found
Mechanics'
Institutes in
Britain during
the 1820s and
1830s was
informed by an
interest in
the social
control of
sectors of the
working
classes.
However, the
main task is
the
elucidation of
the scheme of
things which
led those who
projected the
Institutes to
believe that a
scientific
curriculum
could effect
the desired
changes in
values and
behaviour.
Advocates of
popular
scientific
education
deployed
informal
psychological
models of the
lower orders'
mentality, and
it was by
reference to
these imputed
characteristic
s that a
partly reified
scientific
curriculum was
thought to
have the power
to produce
stability of
conduct. The
paper
concludes by
attempting
explicitly to
relate this
interpretation
of Mechanics'
Institutes to
general
problems faced
by social
scientists in
relating
knowledge to
social
interests.Stev
en Shapin,
Barry Barnes
Source: Social Studies of Science, Vol. 7, No. 1. (1977), pp. 31-74. - Imagining the
Middle Class:
The Political
Representation
of Class in
Britain,
c.1780-1840: (28 July
1995)This book
explores the
origins of the
influential
view of modern
society that
places a
"middle class"
at its center,
as it
developed in
Britain during
the so-called
"Industrial
Revolution."
Using a wider
variety of
sources and
closer methods
of textual
analysis than
previous
studies of
languages of
class, the
author
develops a
nuanced model
for the
interplay of
social reality
and social
language. He
demonstrates
that a "middle
class"-based
language of
social
description
did not simply
reflect
changes in
social
structure, but
was rather the
outcome of
political
circumstances
in a period of
radical
political
change.Dror
Wahrman
Source: (28 July 1995) - The Idea of
Poverty:
England in the
early
industrial age: (12 November
1983)Gertrude
Himmelfarb
Source: (12 November 1983) - 'The nervous
system and
society in the
Scottish
Enlightenment'
, in Natural
Order:
Historical
Studies of
Scientific
Culture: (01 March
1979), pp.
19-40.The
authors bring
the
perspectives
of sociology
and
anthropology
to bear on key
historical
developments
in various
fields of
science,
demonstrating
that it is
possible to
study science
in the same
way as other
forms of
culture - art,
music, and
literature.
They show that
our
understanding
of science,
and the
development of
scientific
knowledge, can
be enriched by
these
perspectives,
and that the
history of
science can
benefit from
case studies,
such as those
presented
here.C
Lawrence
Source: (01 March 1979), pp. 19-40.
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